Babylonian Class Hierarchy It’s Presence in Hammurabi’s...

Babylonian Class Hierarchy It’s Presence in Hammurabi’s Code of Law Upon reading articles and texts concerning Hammurabi’s Code of law, I made a connection between its context and the class hierarchy of early Babylonian civilizations. The structure of the code of law parallels the expectation or rights of those in the different class levels. There are standards that each may be held to, and deviations of those standards have differing penalties for the different classes of peoples. What I found to be interesting, was that slaves (the ardu class) were not specifically born of a certain people or race, but could become a slave as a result of being a prisoner of war, through their crimes, their debts or as a means of self chosen servitude†¦show more content†¦When the statement, â€Å"The great ones surround you.† This led me to believe that this pharaoh believed he’d become equal to the God, and would be one of the great ones to surround the God. Lastly, when the statement said, â€Å"The watchers will wait on you.† I took this to mean slaves in the afterlife, perhaps a sort of purgatory for less fortunate souls. I question why the pharaohs needed these incantations to be written in the pyramids, if they were to be of equal stature on Earth? According to Strayer, p. 108, the pharaohs were believed to be a god in human form. I assume it’s the result of a need for reassurance for their place in the afterlife, a last fee paid or plea for their position in the afterlife. Babylonian class hierarchy seemed present in life and the afterlife according to these sources. The Code of Hammurabi provided order and guidance as to how to sustain these classes and maintain order amongst the earlier civilizations. Bibliography †¢ Strayer, Robert W. Ways of the World: A Brief Global History, Volume 1 †¢ avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hammpre.asp Johns, Rev. Claude Herman Walter, The Avolon Project- Babylonian Law: The Code of Hummuri, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, 9/29/2012 †¢ www.timemaps.com/civilization/Ancient-Mesopotamia Civilization: Ancient Mesopotamia,

Pros and Cons of the Internet - 2810 Words

Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakh British Technical University English Language Department RESEARCH PAPER Pros and cons of the Internet HUM 317 Spring 2008 Advisor: Balia Jalgasbaevna Jolamanova Done by Tikhonenko Christina Temirbekova Kamila Nadyrova Farida Supiyeva Nargiza Sagiyev Yerkebulan Group Friday 13:00 Almaty 2008 Acknowledgements We thank all people who helped us in this work, especially Baliya Djalgasbaevna. Thank you for your trust and belief in us. Abstract This project investigates the positive and negative impacts of such a popular information resource as the Internet. The survey conducted among people of different ages groups†¦show more content†¦The Internet is a collection of various services and resources. It is clear from the words of Steve Ferguson (2006) that Internet in general is an extremely valuable tool for society in general. The chart (1) below shows the Internet users’ growth rate of using the Internet in the world during the period from 1995 to 2002. [pic] According to the chart below, the number of the Internet users increased 22.3 times and still growing. It is the proof that the Internet is one of the most powerful concepts nowadays. 2.1.2 Abundance of Information in the Internet There are numerous things that can be found on the Internet. First, entertainment is a popular reason why many people surf the Internet (downloading games and music, videos etc). Second is communication. Many people are going into chat rooms, install programs such as ICQ, Scype, M – agent. Another popular thing to do on the Internet is to check out the news. Not only international news, but also local news can be obtained through the Internet. Weather is also a popular thing to look up on the Internet. Fifth, shopping online has also become a great advantage of the Internet.Show MoreRelatedThe Internet : The Pros And Cons Of The Internet786 Words   |  4 Pagesboth pros and cons when there is a discussion about the internet. We can learn so much of what we can read on the internet. Which is great news considering most of us are using the internet. To prove my point we visit page 116 in the book The Shallows, the book supports our solution. Nicholas G. Carr discusses all about the internet in our generation and how we use it. He talks about the internet being beneficial for us to attain useful knowledge. He also discusses the cons of the internet in ourRead MoreCons and Pros of Internet16245 Words   |  65 PagesAccounting and Business Research, International Accounting Policy Forum. pp. 5-27. 2006 5 International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors Ray Ball* Abstract—Accounting in shaped by economic and political forces. It follows that increased worldwide integration of both markets and politics (driven by reductions in communications and information processing costs) makes increased integration of financial reporting standards and practice almost inevitable. But mostRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of the Internet795 Words   |  4 PagesPositive and Negative Aspects of the Internet The new age of technology was born late last century in the form of the silicone chip. Since this early invention computers have progressed in leaps and bounds from the very basic early models to the now very complicated and very powerful computers of today. In between this growth the Internet developed into a mega market where billions of dollars are traded daily. It is a place where you can pretty much buy and sell anything you can think of. ButRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of the Internet1897 Words   |  8 Pages The internet is a vast network of computers that connects many of the world’s businesses, institutions, and individuals. It allows millions of people throughout the world to send and receive messages to each other, share information, and play games (Naughton 4). It was initially designed to aid the government and help people expand academically, but it is now becoming more commercialized and used in ways that it was not made for. The thought of the internet was first introduced in 1960 when theRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Internet Privacy1309 Words   |  6 PagesNow, the Internet is not only a way people access information, but also the net that connects them. People use it to communicate with friends and family, keep current events and shop online. The using of Internet sometimes involves personal data, triggers fraud and abuse. These are the reason people have laws to protect themselves. People now much more cherish their privacy, so the government takes the responsibility of establishing the Internet privacy law and develop them. However, the legislativeRead MoreEssay on Pros and Cons of Internet1258 Words   |  6 PagesInternet has become new service for helping most of the time but, there are certain occasions where it becomes a nuisance The internet has become a very popular tool at the hand of every one who is a computer literate person of course, used mostly to get information, shop online and download files, music and so on. But while surfing the internet for appropriate or specific information, we often end up wasting time with unwanted jargons and reacting to scam. We shall discuss deeper into theseRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Internet Censorship1042 Words   |  5 Pagescomes in many forms and for a lot of different reasons but when it comes to the internet, for the most part it is beneficial. It can provide security for sensitive material. The things that minors are exposed to can be limited. Also you can make sure that it is not used to cause chaos. Furthermore it would seem to be a beneficial part of online life. It can provide security for important documents and conversations. Internet censorship can help with cyber security when important information or secretsRead MorePros and Cons of the Internet Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe Internet is more popular today than it was years ago. As technology advances, the use of the Internet grows yonder and is an amazing addition in our lives. The Internet has been perhaps the most outstanding innovation in the field of communication in the history of humanity. It is a global meeting place where people from all parts of the world can collaborate. Additionally, it is a service available on the computer, through which anyone who has access to the Internet can receive. The InternetRead More The Pros and Cons of Internet Chat Rooms Essays834 Words   |  4 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Internet Chat Rooms Computers have affected our lives in so many ways. To the way we finance things, to the way we find our future significant other. The outcomes of computers probably happen with in the last five years, give or take some. It had made people become in love with being in a virtual world and new people. That now in â€Å"real† life the people do not know how to act around not virtual people. In this report I plan to take a look at the pros and cons of meeting/talkingRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of the Internet Essay example1156 Words   |  5 Pagesthese things is the internet and a common way it is misused is by way of plagiarism. Plagiarism is an act in which one person, in essence, steals the work of another and uses it for their own purposes (Cafferty, Serwer). It is an ugly act used these days for many purposes. Many students use the internet to get pre-written essays. Writers will use the internet for source purposes and forget to cite them or use parts of pre-written information. A student uses the internet to surf, looking

Family Unity and Moral Values Essay Example For Students

Family Unity and Moral Values Essay Family Unity and Moral ValuesThe increase in the number of divorces and the decrease in the number ofmarriages does not reflect a breakdown of the family unit in the United Statesand the decay of moral values. I dont think divorce is as big of problem aspoliticians make it out to be. Yes, many couples get divorced, but theirchildren can still have stability and grow up to be good people. (Price) Thebreakdown of the family unit in the United States and the decay of moral valuesare due to the change of society and environment. These days, when manyfamilies are at home together, they often remain apart. There are no bondageand communication in families. Television and technology has corrupted theminds of children in America. Less religious influence, persistent underclassunemployment and alternative lifestyles have contributed in the downfall offamilies and moral values.The nation and state have done little or nothing toprovide help rebuild families and values. Family value has reference to what we believe about the family. Itsconcerned with quality of living and how you define quality of living. Itbasically gets down to what you think is the most important, in other words whatyou value. Family values is nice when youve got Ward and June and Wally andBeaver. Unfortunately, the world has changed quite a bit from the 1950s to 1996. Things have just changed so rapidly and so quick (Anderson) The honesty,setting examples with your morals and actions, and bringing up the people to beresponsible. Responsible for themselves, responsible for ecology, responsiblefor humanity qualities have been neglect in the upbringing of children today. Many people believe that true family values are the stepping stones forfamilies to achieve growth of love. They follow seven principles. 1.Make a commitment to your family and hometown. 2.Live for the greater whole. 3.Learn true love in the school of the family. 4.Dedicate your own family to the global family of humankind. 5.Strive daily to put the spiritual above the physical. 6.Align with heaven to share blessings on earth. 7.Be sexually pure to create the true culture. (Bales)But every family has its own values and few of them are exactly alike. Thevariations are endless, and there is no single ideal standard that all familiescan or should exist. Because society has changed, moral has changed and peoplecan not follow the morals of the past. Both parents assisting in the household income is new in todays societycompared to the past. Where the only the man of the house worked and the womenwould stay home and take care of the children.Todays society require afamily to have two income to survive, one income does not provide a stable lifestyle anymore. The issue of homosexuality and diversity have surfaced, andmoral values have changed. Families are lost in the dream world of their TV sets and video games. Children are learning values and issues from TV and not from their own parents. The children do not learn how to communicate with their parents, and will notlearn to communicate with their mate later in life. Their marriage will end upin divorce and their children will follow the same cycle as they did. The evolving information superhighway will make it even easier forindividuals to lose themselves in non-real worlds at the expense of their veryreal families. People should value their families higher than their fantasies. If parents could be adult about it by cooperating in their childraising, speaking well of each other, and supporting each others decisionswhetherboth parents are in the home or not, then less stress would be put onthe innocent parties, who are often the parents as well as the children. Willbenefit the children as well as themselves But thats not the kind of world welive in, and we point fingers and waste time, money and energy trying to fixblame. (Price)Base on the book The Case Against Divorce by Diane Medved an importantissue was raised. The issue of religion in todays society.People are lessreligious and the amount of time spent in church has declined in past years. .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3 , .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3 .postImageUrl , .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3 , .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3:hover , .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3:visited , .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3:active { border:0!important; } .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3:active , .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3 .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c218ca9d51cb3e8c2a56e2bbf1012f3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ignorance about Child Abuse EssayThis tells us the people are not learning knowledge and wisdom from the churchbut from somewhere else. That people do not believe that the true solutions toget the family in the right track are spiritual and moral. Would you rather be surrounded by a million people who were very religious, orwould you rather be surrounded by a million people who were not very religious?I think we would rather be surrounded by those who are religious, because wewould feel more safe (Carter)I think religion has wonderful things to offer. It makes you stop and thinkabout whether what we are doing is right or wrong, as opposed to secular law,which makes you wonder whether what you are doing is going to get you arrestedor not. (Carter)To Jews, the point of your existence on Earth is to help improve the world. This creation is unfinished, a team effort between humans and God. We have thebasic raw matter, and we are given free will, and our job is to make this placebeautiful. (Carter)Politicians love to rhapsodize about the virtues of traditional families,religious principles and personal integrity. Yet the truth is these high-minded,abstract ideals are conspicuously missing in may of their personal lives. It iscommon wisdom now among both parties that forcing mothers off welfare into thejob market will counter the breakdown of the inner-city family by instilling thework ethic and responsibility. But what will this do for family values if thereis no welfare for food and no available work for the uneducated and theuntrained?Our nation, states and communities should spend more of their time making iteasier and more attractive for people to connect on a personal, face-to-facelevel and for families to re-learn the pleasures of sharing productiveactivities rather than helping lock us each into a technological cocoon.(Medved)The increase in the number of divorces and the decrease in the number ofmarriages does not reflect a breakdown of the family unit in the United Statesand the decay of moral values. I dont think divorce is as big of problem aspoliticians make it out to be. Yes, many couples get divorced, but theirchildren can still have stability and grow up to be good people. (Price) Thebreakdown of the family unit in the United States and the decay of moral valuesare due to the change of society and environment. These days, when manyfamilies are at home together, they often remain apart. There are no bondageand communication in families. Television and technology has corrupted theminds of children in America. Less religious influence, persistent underclassunemployment and alternative lifestyles have contributed in the downfall offamilies and moral values.The nation and state have done little or nothing toprovide help rebuild families and values. The only solution is to connect,communicate and establish bondage in the family. Try to spend more time andenergy with families will greatly improve family unity and moral values. Social Issues

Routing protocol Essay Example

Routing protocol Essay Network engineer Email: [emailprotected] com Mobile: +91 810 55 77 268 OBJECTIVE CISCO ID: CSCO12155071 To achieve higher growth through utilizing and enhancing my skills and experience for long term with esteemed organization like yours to become complete professional. I have good experience in IT Infrastructure at NOC have implemented and managed secured networks. Troubleshooting, Strong planning, Analytical and Problem solving skills and ability to get on well with people including cross-cultural backgrounds. EXPERIENCE SUMMARY + year experience in IT that includes Network Design, Implementation support, Network Management System. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Hands on experience in deploying routing protocols like RIP, OSPF EIGRP. Familiar with Layer 3 CISCO catalyst 4507R, 3750G series And Layer 2 CISCO catalyst SG-300, 2950, 2960-S series. Configuration and Maintenance of Navlin-Lookout Firewall CISCO PIX 525 with ACLs, NAT PAT. Terrfic exposure in TFTP backup of IOS, Switch conf igutation and upgradation. Deploying Dax LAN Extender install/configuration of LAN on Naval ships from jetty. Chicking Bandwidth consumption on MAN LAN Links. Implementation of VLAN, VTP and STP based on changing environment. Firewall port opening as per the official request by Port query. Responsible for the proactively monitoring and maintaining complete network. Designing topologies by Distribution Access Switches with MAN web services. Responsible for maximum up-time, Generating reports on health status of the network and Prioritize work orders. Handling all customer related issue like AD Users queries, Network SLA Reports and ability to provide solutions to various network related requirements. Jan 2013 PROJECT #1 : NETWORK MIGRATION Roles: ? ? ? ? ? Implementation of Static routing for MAN connectivity and routing protocols over the different networks. Configuration of L3, L2 Distribution Access switches on various locations. Changing the classes of IP address with respect to subnetting. Implementation of Inter VLAN, VTP modes, telnet and Port Security. Configuration and Maintenance of Navlin-Lookout Firewall. Implementation of An tivirus server on the new network range. PROJECT #2 : IT – COMPLAINT MANAGEMENT TOOL July 2013 Roles: ? ? ? ? ? Implementation of Web based software tool in Network, developed using Asp. net for Front end. We will write a custom essay sample on Routing protocol specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Routing protocol specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Routing protocol specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Providing access to specific range of IP for Admin Users in the network. User profile, Material log, Client machine and Network complaint Management for overall Network. Database maintained by SQL Server 2008 R2. Deployment of IIS Server 7. 5 on server machine. Since : July 2013 Role: Network Engineer DIGITECH ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS IT – Network System Management Team. Client : Indian Naval Base, Karwar, Karnataka 581308 Working in Digitech Electronic systems as Network Engineer – IT Network Management Team. Handling LAN MAN networks to ensure its availability. Observes and identifies the status and performance of the Naval base Networks. Notifies and coordinates technical related problems and resolutions. Providing 247 support for installation, configuration and troubleshooting Layer 2 Layer 3 Switches on the basis of changing infrastructure environment. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Provide operational support for naval base network platforms contributing to deliver Data, IP, System and Application Services to customers with full security. Configuration of Static routing routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP Checking flow opening/routing configuration effectiveness and correct network configuration when relevant. Establish End-to-End connectivity hand over the Network to the customers with respect to security requirements through Firewall. Creating Maintenance of Domain, Active Directory, GPO for End users. Monitoring suspicious activities on the networks connectivity requests log reports. Troubleshooting Networking issues with ping, tracert, telnet, switching routing. Customer Support – Investigating, diagnosing and resolve all network related problems. EMPOWERING SWARM TECHNOLOGIES Pvt Ltd IT – Network System Management. March 2012 – June 2013 Role: Network Support Engineer Client : Indian Naval Base, Karwar, Karnataka 581308 Worked in Empowering as Network Support Engineer – Network Management Services. ? ? ? ? ? Activity directory GPO management for 200+ Client machines. Implementation and maintenance of CAN, FTP services in the Network. Maintaining Troubleshooting 200+ AD users problems on Windows (XP, 7) client machines BOSS Linux machines. Configuration Maintenance of L2 switches in the network. Implementation Troubleshooting of Network/Shared Printers and Hardware problems on different client machines. TECHNICAL CERTIFICATIONS ? ? ? CCNA Certified, Trained as Network Engineer in Networker’s Home, Bangeluru. Trained as a RF Engineer successfully done SCRFE (SimTech Certified Radio Frequency Engineer) in SimTech, Bangeluru, during 18. 07. 2011 to 18. 10. 2011. Inplant Training on Hardware Assembly, Soldering, Testing in Spark Technologies Coimbatore, during 2010. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION ? ? ? BE–ECE with (7. 44/10. 00) from Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, under Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore in 2011. Schooling H. S. C with (62%) from Adarsh Vidhyalaya Higher Secondary School, Erode in 2007. S. S. L. C with (80%) from SBK Higher Secondary School, Aruppokottai in 2005. TECHNICAL SKILLS ? ? Operating Systems CISCO Catalysts : Windows server 2008, Win XP, 7 / Linux : 4507R, 3750G, 2960, 2950, SG-300, CISCO Secure PIX 525 series ? ? ? ? Software Network Protocols Hardware Network Protocols Routing Protocols Languages : TCP/IP, UDP, DNS, VLAN, STP, VTP : Ethernet 10/100Mb/1Gb OFC : RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, CDP : C, HTML, SQL database ACHIEVEMENTS ? ? ? ? ? ? Rewarded as Active Performance for Web-based network Project by Lieutenant Commander in Indian Naval Base, IT-department during August 2013. Event Organizer in Technical Symposium, won award for â€Å"Scary House Maze† on September 2010. Active member of IEEE and Office Bearer of IEEE Students Chapter 61631 for the year 2009 2010. MEMBER NO: 90484049. Active NSS Volunteer and participated in camping programme on the theme of Healthy Youth for Healthy India from 23. 01. 2009 to 29. 01. 2009. Secured Second prize in intra college Drawing competition on Jan 2010. Secured First prize in Stall Designing contest held at Bannari Amman Institute of Technology on 8th August 2009. PERSONAL INFORMATION ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Date of Birth Primary E-Mail ID Alternate E-Mail ID Current CTC Expected CTC Notice Period Linguistic Abilities Current Location Passport : : : : : : : : : 19 July 1990 [emailprotected] com prakaash. [emailprotected] com 1. 56 LPA As per the company standard 20 Days English, Tamil, Hindi Karwar, Karnataka (Ready to relocate) Yes The above mentioned details are true to the best of my knowledge and I am responsib le in case of any discrepancy. Thanks for your co-operation and understanding. DATE : PLACE : (PRAKAASH. T)

Needle Stick Injury free essay sample

Method In 2003, a sharps awareness campaign began in San Martino Hospital in Genoa, Italy. In 2005, a safety catheter was introduced and healthcare workers were trained in its use. Data for all occupational accidents from 2003 to 2007 were collected and analysed. Results After introduction of the sharps awareness campaign and use of safety catheters, reported incidents of sharps injuries involving catheters fell from 19 in 2004 to two in 2007 and in neither of those two cases were needlestick prevention devices used. Overall, the rate of needlestick injuries was 24. 1 per 100,000 cases when conventional catheters were used and 0. 4 per 100,000 cases with safety catheters. Conclusion The sharps awareness campaign and newly adopted needlestick prevention device may have contributed to the prevention of percutaneous injuries caused by catheters. Until the onset of the campaign, the reported annual incidence of needlestick injuries was six. This increased to a peak of 19 reported injuries in 2004, which could be attributed to improved reporting effected by the campaign. We will write a custom essay sample on Needle Stick Injury or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Authors Dimitri Sossai, manager, Health Safety and Prevention Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Vincenzo Puro, manager, Department of Epidemiology, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome; Luca Chiappatoli and Giulio Dagnino, biomedical engineers; Bernardo Odone, chemist; Annamaria Polimeri, biologist, Health Safety and Prevention Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Laila Ruzza, Paola Palombo and Marian Stella Fuscoe, registered nurses, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Paola Scognamiglio, epidemiologist, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy. Email: dimitri. [emailprotected] it Keywords Needlestick injuries, risk prevention, safety needle system These keywords are based on subject headings from the British Nursing Index. All articles are subject to external double-blind peer review and checked for plagiarism using automated software. For author and research article guidelines visit the Nursing Standard home page at www. nursing-standard. co. uk. For related articles visit our online archive and search using the keywords. 42 march 24 :: vol 24 no 29 :: 2010 SHARPS INJURIES are one of the most common types of occupational accidents that healthcare workers experience (Elder and Paterson 2006). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004) in the United States (US) has estimated that around 400,000 percutaneous injuries occur in the hospital setting each year. However, true injury rates are difficult to assess as underreporting is assumed to be as high as 70% (Lee et al 2005). There is a risk of disease transmission of blood-borne pathogens with a sharps injury, particularly if it is caused by a hollow-bore needle used to access veins or arteries (Trim 2004). Worldwide, 2. 5% of cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 40% of cases of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among healthcare workers result from occupational exposure to infected blood (Wilburn 2004). The risk of infection following percutaneous exposure to infected blood is notable, with rates of 6-30% for hepatitis B, 0-7% for hepatitis C and 0. 3% for HIV (White 2008). In addition to the hazard of disease transmission, the fear of potential infection may pose a considerable burden on the psychological, emotional and social wellbeing of the injured healthcare worker (Lee et al 2005). More than 38% of all occupational accidents involving biological hazards in the NHS result from skin contact, while 24% are caused by accidental puncture with injection needles (Sossai 2006). The rates for hospitals are even more concerning. According to a study of the Italian National Society for Prevention and Protection in the Health Service (Associazione Italiana Responsabili Servizi Prevenzione e Protezione in Ambiente Sanitario), more than 50% of occupational accidents in hospitals are caused by accidental puncture with injection needles (Sossai 2006). Exposure prevention remains the primary strategy for reducing occupational contact with blood-borne pathogens (Huber and Terezhalmy 2007). Over the past 20 years, numerous preventive measures have been implemented including educating and training staff, changes in practice, hepatitis B vaccinations, awareness campaigns and needlestick injury policies. One particular NURSING STANDARD preventive strategy uses engineered needlestick prevention devices to protect hospital workers from accidental injuries. There are two types. Passive needlestick prevention devices have a safety feature that is activated automatically, while active needlestick prevention devices require the user to activate the safety mechanism (Trim 2004). The use of needlestick prevention devices and the documentation of all needlestick injuries by healthcare workers has been enforced by law since 2000. Similar regulation efforts are under way in Europe (Hadaway 2001, Wilburn 2004, Hoban 2005, White 2008). In Italy, and elsewhere in Europe, employers have a statutory obligation (Directive 2000/54/CE and 89/391/CEE) to prevent occupational risks and protect workers. In line with these requirements, San Martino Hospital in Genoa, Italy, one of the largest hospitals in Europe with more than 1,400 beds and more than 4,400 employees, launched a sharps awareness campaign in 2003. This campaign consisted of specific staff training, education and the gradual introduction of needlestick prevention devices (safety catheters) to replace conventional intravenous catheters. By March 2005, almost all conventional catheters had been replaced by needlestick prevention devices. Aim The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the sharps awareness campaign and the introduction of needlestick prevention devices on the rate of needlestick injuries in San Martino Hospital. Method The hospital chose the passively activated Introcan Safety IV Catheter system (B. Braun). This has a self-activating safety clip that automatically shields the needle’s sharp bevel during retraction of the needle after cannula insertion. With regard to design and handling, this safety catheter is identical to the conventional catheter (Trim 2004, Wilburn 2004). At San Martino Hospital, a sharps awareness campaign was launched in 2003. In 2005, safety devices were first introduced, initially in departments at increased risk of needlestick injuries or infection (infectious diseases, general surgery and organ transplant departments). By the end of 2005, they had been introduced in all hospital departments. Healthcare workers in approximately 90 departments including outpatient clinics, operating theatres, intensive care units, day hospitals and surgery, received training in using the device. Training sessions were carried out by manufacturers of the safety catheter and by members of the hospital’s NURSING STANDARD department of health safety and prevention. Between 2005 and 2007 this practical training was supplemented by courses on the biological risk of needlestick injuries aimed at all long-term employed healthcare staff. In addition, a compulsory training course on the need for prevention and safety precautions related to needlestick injuries, and the correct practical application of safety devices for all new employees, began and was carried out monthly. During this period, 596 of 3,392 (18%) long-term employed physicians, nurses and technicians and 882 (100%) new employees received safety training. In San Martino Hospital, a specific protocol needs to be followed when an accident entailing biological risk occurs. The affected employee has to report the accident to the department of preventive and occupational medicine where health monitoring and infectious prophylaxis are initiated, if required, in collaboration with the Institute for Hygiene and Preventive Medicine. Subsequently, the injured person is required to register the accident at the hospital’s human resources department where detailed information on the injury and the injured person are recorded on a standardised incident report form and in an incident reporting file. Reports of the accident are forwarded to the National Institute for Insurance gainst Accidents at Work (Istituto Nazionale per Assicurazione Infortuni sul Lavoro) and the Hygiene Institute of Genoa University. The incident reporting file is the hospital’s internal administrative database for all occupational accidents and is used for statistical purposes. It provides the data for an annual injury monitoring report. The file began in 1994 and holds detaile d documentation of all occupational injuries occurring at San Martino Hospital. Documented details include the time, location and accurate descriptions of an accident, and the profession, department, ward or operating unit of the injured employee involved. The type of device responsible for sharps injuries and the use of any safety measures during the incident are also documented. In this study, occupational injury data collected between 2003 and 2007 were obtained from the incident reporting file and analysed retrospectively. Data of interest included all occupational incidents and all percutaneous injuries caused by catheter needles and sharps. In particular, needlestick injuries caused by catheters were investigated. For all needlestick injuries from catheters, the occupation of the affected staff member was examined. The total number of catheters used each year was the denominator. All hospital employees were included in the study. The human resources department supplied data on the number and march 24 :: vol 24 no 29 :: 2010 43 art science research type of staff in the hospital. Formal ethical approval was not required because the population used was recruited from the database of the occupational injuries register of the human resources department. The data used were taken from official declarations and total anonymity was guaranteed. conventional device is more than 25 times higher than the risk associated with the use of the safety device. Discussion The implementation of a sharps awareness campaign and the introduction of needlestick prevention devices at San Martino Hospital resulted in a significant reported decrease in needlestick injuries. Conventional catheters appear to carry a significantly higher risk of injuries than safety catheters (Table 1). This suggests that the needlestick p revention devices contributed to the prevention of percutaneous incidents. A potential problem of this type of surveillance results from factors that could influence healthcare staff to report injuries, especially those with a low risk of infection. In this study, reporting rates are unknown and these could have influenced the findings. Injury reporting was encouraged during training, so an increasing rate of underreporting appears unlikely. Similar results have been observed with other safety needle devices (Asai et al 2002, Trim 2004, Adams and Elliott 2006, Tuma and Sepkowitz 2006). These results are consistent with estimates in which the use of engineered safety devices accounts for definite prevention in 21% and probable prevention in 61% of needlestick injuries (Elder and Paterson 2006). However, the results of the current study are limited by the short observation period and initial findings need to be confirmed by a follow-up study. Three and two incidents occurred with catheters in 2006 and 2007 respectively. Only one of these incidents occurred with a safety catheter. The catheter’s safety mechanism was not activated because of an unexpected movement by the patient before insertion of the cannula. Risk for the healthcare worker was estimated at almost zero, as the needle had not come into contact with the patient’s blood. In the other four incidents, conventional devices were used that did not have a safety Results The overall number of employees at San Martino Hospital fluctuated annually between 4,447 and 4,636 individuals from 2003 to 2007. The number of occupational accidents documented decreased from 537 to 405 in the same period. During the study, the number of injuries with needles and sharps entailing biological risk reported annually reduced from 163 to 86. These accounted for approximately one quarter to one third of all occupational incidents. After launching the sharps awareness campaign in 2003, the number of injuries caused by catheters increased initially (n=10 in 2003 and n=19 in 2004), possibly because the sharps awareness campaign aimed to reduce underreporting. From 2005 to 2007 the total number of reported injuries decreased (n=10 in 2005, n=3 in 2006, and n=2 in 2007). During the study period, nurses were affected more often by needlestick injuries than physicians. The overall annual number of needlestick prevention devices used by the hospital after their introduction in 2005 (n=130,000) increased to 165,000 in 2006 and decreased to 163,000 in 2007 (Tables 1 and 2). The average number of annual injuries per 100,000 phlebotomies performed were calculated (estimated by needles used per year). The relative risks were calculated as the ratio of the injury rates for the conventional catheters and for the safety catheters. The results highlight a lower rate of annual needlestick injuries until the start of the sharps awareness campaign and an escalation of reported incidents after its launch. This phenomenon might have resulted from underreporting, confirmed by the low incident rate of reported needlestick injuries before the onset of the campaign. Underreporting of needlestick injuries is a common and serious problem. It is even observed after needlestick injuries with high-risk patients and occurs with all types of healthcare worker (Wilburn 2004, Hoban 2005, Makary et al 2007). True injury rates may be ten times higher than those reported (Elder and Paterson 2006). The increase in incidents in 2003 suggests that educational measures and training might have sensitised healthcare staff to the seriousness of the problem and increased their readiness to report needlestick injuries for their own safety. Only timely reported needlestick injuries allow for immediate preventive measures and effective post-exposure treatment (Lee et al 2005). Even after 2003, it may still be possible that not all needlestick injuries were reported. Although all new employees received training after 2005, accounting for approximately 25% of the hospital’s healthcare staff until 2007, before then only 18% of employees of long standing participated in safety education measures. Thus, the majority of employees lack theoretical education in sharps safety and may be more prone NURSING STANDARD to misjudge the risk of needlestick injuries and consequently fail to report incidents. It might also be possible that some long-term staff increased their risk awareness after observing colleagues. It is to be expected that the awareness of possible injury outcome and reporting will improve further as the sharps safety awareness campaign continues as a result of cumulative training of hospital staff (Makary et al 2007). Despite introducing continuous on-the-job training with all employees, a certain degree of underreporting is still likely to occur because, contrary to better knowledge, some employees will avoid the time-consuming effort associated with administrative and medical procedures involved in needlestick injury reporting (Lee et al 2005, Makary et al 2007).

A New Theory of Dinosaur Evolution

A New Theory of Dinosaur Evolution Its not often that a scholarly paper about dinosaur evolution shakes up the world of paleontology and is covered in major publications like The Atlantic and The New York Times. But that is exactly what has happened with a paper published in the British magazine Nature, A New Hypothesis of Dinosaur Relationships and Early Dinosaur Evolution, by Matthew Baron, David Norman and Paul Barrett, on March 22, 2017. What makes this paper so revolutionary? To grasp this requires a quick briefing on the currently existing, widely accepted theory about the origin and evolution of dinosaurs. According to this scenario, the first dinosaurs evolved from archosaurs about 230 million years ago, during the late Triassic period, in the part of the supercontinent Pangea that corresponds to modern-day South America. These first, small, relatively undifferentiated reptiles then split off into two groups over the next few million years: saurischian, or lizard-hipped, dinosaurs, and ornithischian, or bird-hipped, dinosaurs. Saurischians include both plant-eating sauropods and meat-eating theropods, while ornithischians comprise everything else (stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, hadrosaurs, etc.). The new study, based on a lengthy, detailed analysis of dozens of dinosaur fossils, presents a different scenario. According to the authors, the ultimate ancestor of dinosaurs originated not in South America, but in the part of Pangea roughly corresponding to modern-day Scotland (one proposed candidate is the obscure, cat-sized   Saltopus). The first true dinosaur, moreover, is proposed to be Nyasasaurus, which originated  in the part of Pangea corresponding to modern-day Africaand which lived 247 million years ago, ten million years earlier than previously identified first dinosaurs like Eoraptor. More importantly, the study completely rearranges the lowest branches of the dinosaur family tree. In this account, dinosaurs are no longer divided into saurischians and ornithischians; rather, the authors propose a group called Ornithoscelidae (which lumps in theropods along  with ornithischians) and a redefined Saurischia (which now includes sauropods and the family of meat-eating dinosaurs called herrerasaurs, after the early South American dinosaur Herrerasaurus). Presumably, this classification helps account for the fact that many ornithischian dinosaurs possessed theropod-like characteristics (bipedal postures, grasping hands, and in some species, even feathers), but its further implications are still being worked out. How important is all this for the average dinosaur enthusiast? Despite all the hype, not very. The fact is that the authors are looking back to a very opaque time in dinosaur history, when the earliest branches of the dinosaur family tree had yet to be established, and when it would have been virtually impossible for an observer on the ground to distinguish between a profusion of  two-legged archosaurs, two-legged theropods, and two-legged ornithischians. Turn the clock ahead tens of millions of years to the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and everything pretty much remains unchangedTyrannosaurus Rex is still a theropod, Diplodocus is still a sauropod, all is right with the world. How have other paleontologists reacted to the publication of this paper? There is widespread agreement that the authors have done careful, detailed work, and that their conclusions deserve to be taken seriously. However, there are still some objections being voiced about the quality of the fossil evidence, especially as it pertains to the earliest dinosaurs, and most scientists agree that additional, confirming evidence will be needed before books on dinosaur evolution have to be rewritten. In any case, it will take years for this research to filter out to the general public, so theres no need to worry just yet about how to pronounced ornithoscelidae.

Positive Effects of Martial Arts on Bullying Among the Youth Essay

Positive Effects of Martial Arts on Bullying Among the Youth - Essay Example The bullies usually have the false confidence of masculinity. The martial art makes the youth strong and strong-willed. It protects the youth from being the easy targets for the bully youth. Confidence is enhanced by proper training in martial art skills like taekwondo and karate. The perception that the youth are strong keeps the bullies away. Consequently, martial art helps in the protection of the youth against the harrowing experience bullying. The martial arts also enhance discipline among the youth. Discipline equips the youth with the skills of handling matters in society in a technical manner. The inconsistency in the behavior of youth causes mayhem regarding bullying behavior. The bullies get disciplined and abandon the bullying practice because of the discipline. This situation enhances the practice of acceptable ethical behavior among the youth. It helps in the reduction of the bullying practice among many youngsters. Maekoya asserts that a martial art helps youth to be responsible for their behaviors, especially when faced with the threat of bullying (p. 501). For instance, a bullied youth may exacerbate the situation through the provocation of the bully. Discipline enables a youth to act responsibly when faced with the challenge. Discipline encompasses many areas of a person’s life. It enables youth to present them in a dignified manner, regardless of any form of provocation. It promotes the rule of law and order and reduction of bullying among the youth. The discipline also enables the use of common sense in deliberating issues. The martial art also enhances respect among the youth. The bullies are compelled to have respect for their fellow youth. This enhances dignity in the relationship among the youth. The respect helps the bullies to appreciate the other youth. Consequently, they are emphatic towards their fellow colleagues. It makes the practice of bullying, inappropriate for them. The vulnerable youths